Background

Nepal is experiencing a warming trend at nearly twice the global average, making extreme heat an increasingly serious challenge, particularly in the southern Terai region. Dhangadhi Sub-Metropolitan City (DSMC), a major economic and urban center in Sudurpaschim Province, faces recurrent heatwaves during the pre-monsoon and summer months, with temperatures frequently exceeding 40°C and reaching record highs in recent years. Rapid and often unplanned urbanization, the decline of green and open spaces, and limited energy-efficient infrastructure have intensified urban heat stress, increasing risks to public health, livelihoods, education, and essential services. Vulnerable populations, including low-income households, outdoor workers, children, older persons, pregnant women, and people living in poorly ventilated or poorly insulated buildings, are disproportionately affected. Rising temperatures also increase the demand for cooling, placing additional pressure on energy systems and contributing to higher greenhouse gas emissions.

Recognizing these growing risks, DSMC has developed a Heat Action Plan to strengthen preparedness and response to extreme heat events. Building on this effort, the proposed project, supported by the Government of Japan through the Japan Supplementary Budget (JSB) and implemented by UNDP, will pilot integrated urban heat management solutions that combine nature-based approaches with energy-efficient cooling measures. Key interventions include wetland restoration, protection and enhancement of green public spaces, and retrofitting selected public buildings to improve thermal comfort and reduce energy consumption. The project will also strengthen data, evidence, and local capacity for heat-risk management, helping DSMC move beyond short-term emergency responses towards long-term resilience-building. The initiative is expected to directly benefit approximately 4,000 people and indirectly contribute to the well-being of the city’s entire population of nearly 200,000 residents.

As a pilot project, it will generate practical evidence, technical knowledge, and lessons that can inform future urban planning and climate investments in Dhangadhi and other rapidly growing cities across Nepal’s Terai region. By promoting heat-resilient infrastructure, nature-based solutions, and energy-efficient cooling practices, the project will contribute to safeguarding lives, strengthening urban resilience, and supporting sustainable and climate-responsive urban development.