As 2030 approaches, this paper argues that the central question is not whether to extend, revise or replace the Sustainable Development Goals, but how to govern systemic transformation within ecological limits. Synthesizing evidence on the SDGs’ political effects and implementation constraints, it finds that the goals established a shared language and reporting architecture, yet generated limited and uneven institutional, financial, ecological and accountability reforms. The paper proposes a Beyond 2030 transformation architecture comprising principles, delivery layers, verifiable commitments and a set of interconnected pathways.