By the end of 2024, China’s population aged 60 and above had reached 310.31 million, accounting for 22 percent of the total population, making China the country with the largest and fastest-growing elderly population globally. In response, the Chinese government has elevated population aging and the development of the silver economy to a national strategic priority, including through the issuance of the Opinions on Developing the Silver Economy and Enhancing the Well-being of the Elderly in 2024.

A Measurement Study on Multidimensional Vulnerabilities of the Elderly Population in China applies the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) framework to examine elderly well-being beyond income alone. Using nationally representative microdata, the study finds that 11.96 percent of older adults experience multidimensional vulnerability when a vulnerability-adjusted threshold is applied—more than double the rate identified under the standard MPI. Deprivations are most pronounced in health, education, living standards, and social participation, with increased risks among rural residents, women, the oldest-old, and elderly-only households.

The report underscores that population aging is not only a social challenge, but also a development opportunity. It calls for integrated policy responses that strengthen health and long-term care systems, improve pension adequacy and income security, promote age-friendly services and digital inclusion, and foster an inclusive and sustainable silver economy. By adopting multidimensional measurement tools and targeted interventions, the report emphasizes the importance of ensuring that China’s aging transition supports high-quality development and truly leaves no one behind.