This paper explores the persistent trade and development challenges faced by landlocked developing countries (LLDCs), including high transport costs, limited market access, and economic reliance on a narrow set of raw exports. As global trade dynamics shift, through rising tariffs, new supply chain patterns, and increasing uncertainty, LLDCs face a risk of deeper marginalization.

In response, the paper outlines two potential futures: one that reinforces existing trade patterns, and another that embraces economic diversification to expand export markets and build resilience. Broad policy directions are presented to support this transformation, including stronger regional integration, improved infrastructure, targeted industrial strategies, and deeper partnerships. While challenges are significant, the paper emphasizes that with strategic choices and the right support, LLDCs can reposition themselves within a changing global trade system and unlock more inclusive, sustainable development.