Locations
Conventions
MONTREAL PROTOCOL
Adopted in 1987, the Montreal Protocol is the only UN treaty with universal ratification. It protects the ozone layer by phasing out ozone-depleting substances (ODS), which once posed severe risks to human health and ecosystems. Thanks to collective action, more than 98% of controlled ODS have been eliminated, and the ozone layer is on track to recover this century.
KIGALI AMENDMENT
The Kigali Amendment, adopted in 2016 and in force since January 2019, extends the Montreal Protocol to phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)—potent greenhouse gases widely used in cooling and refrigeration.
BASEL, ROTTERDAM, AND STOCKHOLM CONVENTIONS
The Basel (1989), Rotterdam (1998) and Stockholm (2001) Conventions are key multilateral environmental agreements governing hazardous chemicals and waste. They regulate the transboundary movement and disposal of hazardous waste (Basel), require prior informed consent for certain hazardous chemicals and pesticides in international trade (Rotterdam), and aim to eliminate or restrict persistent organic pollutants (Stockholm).
MINAMATA CONVENTION ON MERCURY
Adopted in 2013 and in force since 2017, the Minamata Convention is a legally binding treaty to protect human health and the environment from anthropogenic emissions and releases of mercury and mercury compounds.
GLOBAL FRAMEWORK ON CHEMICALS
The Global Framework on Chemicals is an overarching global instrument addressing strategic aspects of chemicals and waste issues, setting it apart from other stand-alone conventions. It seeks to protect both the planet and human health, advocating for strong governance mechanisms and enforcing international standards.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL NEGOTIATING COMMITTEE ON PLASTIC POLLUTION
The Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) is developing the world’s first legally binding treaty to end plastic pollution across the full life cycle of plastics. As an observer, UNDP tracks technical negotiations, organizes side events and works with countries and partners to bring evidence and practical solutions into the process.