The UNDP Critical Minerals Review examines how two strategic by-product minerals, Ruthenium in South Africa and Cobalt in Zambia, are valued, priced, and taxed within national mining sectors. These minerals are increasingly important for the global clean energy transition and digital technologies, including electric vehicles, semiconductors, and renewable energy systems.

The report analyses whether current fiscal frameworks, pricing mechanisms, and value chains allow African countries to fully capture the economic benefits of these minerals. Using economic modelling, policy analysis, and value-chain mapping, the study identifies gaps in pricing transparency, royalty reporting, and local industrial development.