References Mentioned in the Text
Aubel, Judi. Participatory Program Evaluation: A Manual for Involving
Program Stakeholders in the Evaluation Process. Catholic Relief Services,
Senegal, 1993.
Banlina, F. T. and Ly Tung. "Farm Experiences of Wealth Ranking in the
Philippines: Different Farmers Have Different Needs". International
Institute for Environment and Development. "Special Issues on
Application of WealthRanking". RRA Notes, no. 15, May 1992,
pp. 48-51.
Campos, Juanita Diane. Towards Participatory Evaluation: An Inquiry into
Post-Training Experiences of Guatemalan Community Development Workers.
Dissertation submitted to the University of Massachusetts, School of
Education, May 1990.
Chambers, Robert. "Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA): Analysis of
Experience", in World Development, vol. 22, no. 9, 1994:1253-1268.
Coupal, Françoise. "Participatory Project Design: Its Implications for
Evaluation. A Case Study from El Salvador". Paper presented at the 1995
Evaluation Conference, 1-5 November, Vancouver, British Columbia.
Dinámica Integral Ltda. El Metaplan-Metodología Eficiente y Eficaz para
Lograr Objetivos con Participación Grupal, Colombia.
Fals-Borda, Orlando and Mohammad Anisur Rahman (eds.). Action and
Knowledge: Breaking the Monopoly with Participatory Action Research.
London, Intermediate Technology Publications, 1991.
Farrington, John and Adrienne Martin. "Farmer Participation in
Agricultural Research: A Review of Concepts and Practices", Agricultural
Administration Occasional Paper no. 9, London, 1988.
Fernandez, Maria. Participatory-Action Research and the Farming Systems
Approach with Highland Peasants. Colombia, Department of Sociology,
University of Missouri.
Feuerstein, Marie-Thérése. Partners in Evaluation: Evaluating Development
and Community Programmes with Partners. London, MacMillan, 1986.
Freedman, Jim. Participatory EvaluationsMaking Projects Work. Technical
Paper no. TP94/2. Calgary, Canada, Division of International
Development, International Centre, University of Calgary, 1994.
Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York, Continuum Publishing
Company, 1993.
GTZ. ZOPP: An Introduction to the Method. Frankfurt, Germany,
March 1988.
Guba, Ego and Yvonna Lincoln. Fourth Generation Evaluation. England,
Age Publications, 1990.
International Institute for Environment and Development. "Special Issues
on Application of Wealth Ranking". RRA Notes, no. 15, May 1992.
Kassam, Yusuf. "The Combined Use of Participatory and Survey
Methodology in Evaluating Development Projects. A Case Study of a
Rural Development Project in Bangladesh". September 1995. Paper
presented at the 1995 Evaluation Conference, 1-5 November, Vancouver,
British Columbia.
Marsden, David, Peter Oakley and Brian Pratt. Measuring the Process:
Guidelines for Evaluating Social Development. Oxford, 1994.
Narayan, Deepa. Participatory Evaluation Tools for Managing Change in
Water and Sanitation. Washington, DC, World Bank Technical Paper no.
207, 1993.
National Environment Secretariat, Government of Kenya; Clark
University; Egerton University; The Centre for International
Development and Environment of the World Resources Institute.
Participatory Rural Appraisal Handbook: Conducting PRAs in Kenya.
Natural Resources Management Support Series no. 1, 1991.
Overseas Development Administration. Note on Enhancing Stakeholder
Participation in Aid Activities. England, Social Development Department,
ODA, April 1995.
Pretty, Jules, Irene Gujit, Ian Scoones and John Thompson. Participatory
Learning and Action: A Trainer's Guide. London, International Institute
for Environment and Development, 1995.
Rahman, Mohammad Anisur. People's Self-Development. London, Zed
Books, 1993.
Salmen, Lawrence F. Beneficiary AssessmentAn Approach Described.
Environment Department Papers no. 23, Washington, DC, World Bank,
July 1995.
UNDP. Building a New UNDP. New York, Office of Evaluation and
Strategic Planning, 1995.
_____. "Report of the UNDP Capacity Development Building Retreat".
New York, Office of Evaluation and Strategic Planning, 1995.
_____. Strategic Management in UNDP. New York, Office of Evaluation
and Strategic Planning, 1995.
_____. UNDP Evaluation Findings in 1994. New York, Office of
Evaluation and Strategic Planning, 1995.
_____. UNDP Evaluation Findings in 1995. New York, Office of
Evaluation and Strategic Planning, 1996.
Uphoff, Norman. "Monitoring and Evaluating Popular Participation in
World Bank-Assisted Projects" in B. Bhatnagar and A. C. Williams,
Participatory Development and the World Bank: Potential Directions for
Change, World Bank Discussion Paper no. 183. Washington, DC, World
Bank, 1992.
Participatory Evaluation
Anayanwn, C. N. "The Technique of Participatory Research in
Community Development", Community Development Journal, January
1988, vol. 23:11-15.
Armstrong, John and Michael Key. "Evaluation, Change and Community
Work", Community Development Journal, October 1979, vol. 14:210-223.
Campos, Juanita Diane. Towards Participatory Evaluation: An Inquiry into
Post-Training Experiences of Guatemalan Community Development Workers.
Dissertation submitted to the University of Massachusetts, School of
Education, May 1990.
Chambers, Robert. "Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA): Analysis of
Experience" in World Development, vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 1253-1268, 1994.
_____. "Shortcut Methods for Gathering Social Information for Rural
Development Projects" in M. Cernea, Putting People First. Oxford, Oxford
University Press.
Clark, Noreen and James McCaffery. Demystifying Evaluation. World
Education, Boston, Massachusetts, 1979.
Coupal, Françoise. "Participatory Project Design: Its Implications for
Evaluation. A Case Study from El Salvador". Paper presented at the 1995
Evaluation Conference, 1-5 November, Vancouver, British Columbia.
Cuthbert, Marlene. "Evaluation Encounters in Third World Settings" in M.
Q. Patton (ed.), Culture and Evaluation, San Francisco, Jossey-Boss,
pp. 29-35.
DAC Expert Group on Aid Evaluation. Evaluation and Participation. An
Approach Paper. Development Studies Unit, Department of Social
Anthropology, Stockholm University, September 1995.
Derricourt, Nick and Peter Oakley (eds.). "Participation in Evaluation",
Special Issue, Community Development Journal, vol. 23:1, 1988.
FAO. Community ForestryParticipatory Assessment, Monitoring and
Evaluation. Rome, FAO, 1989.
Fernandes, Walter and Rajesh Tandon. Participatory Research and
EvaluationExperiments in Research as a Process of Liberation. New Delhi,
Indian Social Institute, 1981.
Fetterman, David (ed.). Qualitative Approaches to Evaluation in Education.
New York, Praeger Press, 1988.
Feuerstein, Marie-Thérése. "Community Participation in Evaluation:
Problems andPotentials.", International Nursing Review, 1980, vol. 27 (6),
187-190.
_____. "Evaluation by the People". International Nursing Review, 1978,
vol. 25 (5), 146-153.
_____. "Finding the Methods to Fit the People: Training for Participatory
Evaluation", Community Development Journal, 1988, vol. 23: 16-25.
_____. Participatory Evaluation: by, with and for the People. IDEA: Reading
Rural Development Communications Bulletin. London: University of
Reading Agricultural and Extension and Rural Development Centre,
April 1982, vol. 14: 18-23.
_____. Partners in Evaluation: Evaluating Development and Community
Programmes with Participants. London, MacMillan Education Ltd., 1986.
Forss, Kim. Report from the Participatory Evaluation of the Royal Government
of Eland/UNDP Project ELA/90/003Rural Water Supply and Sanitation.
6 September 1994, UNDP.
_____. Participatory Evaluation: Questions and Issues. A Report
Commissioned by the Central Evaluation Office, Occasional Paper no. 1.
New York, UNDP, October 1989.
Forss, Kim and Claus Rebien. "Evaluation with (and without)
Participation. A Case Study of the Evaluation of the UNDP project
URT/89/003-Strengthening the Ministry of WaterTowards Achieving
IWSSD Objectives". Report. New York, UNDP, 1992.
Freedman, Jim. Participatory EvaluationsMaking Projects Work. Technical
Paper no. TP94/2. Calgary, Canada, Division of International
Development, International Centre, University of Calgary, 1994.
Gariba, Sulley. "Participatory Impact Assessment as a Tool for Change: Lessons from Recent Experience in Poverty Alleviation Projects in Africa". Paper presented at 1995 Evaluation Conference, 1-5 November, Vancouver, British Columbia.
Ghai, D. and D. Westendorff (eds.). Monitoring Social Progress in the 1990s: Data Constraints, Concerns and Priorities. UNRISD, Avebury, Aldershot, 1994.
Guba, Egon and Yvonna Lincoln. "Do Inquiry Paradigms Imply Inquiry Methodologies?" in David Fetterman (ed.). Qualitative Approaches to Evaluation in Education: The Silent Revolution. New York, Praeger Press, 1988, 89-115.
_____. Fourth Generation Evaluation. England, Age Publications, 1990.
Hall, Budd, Alan Etherington and Ted Jackson. "Evaluation, Participation and Community Health Care: Critique and Lessons". Paper presented at the American Health Association, Toronto, Canada, November 1979.
Jackson, Edward. "Participatory Impact Assessment for Poverty Alleviation Opportunities for Communities and Development Agencies". Paper presented at the 1995 Evaluation Conference, 1-5 November, Vancouver, British Columbia.
Jackson, E. T. and Kassam, Yusuf. Better Knowledge, Better Results: Participatory Evaluation in Development Cooperation, 1996.
Kassam, Yusuf. "The Combined Use of Participatory and Survey Methodology in Evaluating Development Projects. A Case Study of a Rural Development Project in Bangladesh". September 1995. Paper presented at the 1995 Evaluation Conference, 1-5 November, Vancouver, British Columbia.
Kensey, David. Evaluation in Nonformal Education. The Need for Practitioner Evaluation. Amherst, Massachusetts, Centre for International Education, University of Massachusetts, 1981.
_____. "Participatory Evaluation in Adult and Nonformal Education". Adult Education, vol. 31:155-168.
Krishnamurthy, Lakshmi. "Exploding Myths: The Participants Evaluate" in W. Fernandes and R. Tandon (eds.). Participatory Research and Evaluation: Experiments in Research as a Process of Liberation. New Delhi, Indian
Social Institute, pp. 151-165.
Krueger, R. A. Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research. Newbury Park, Sage Publications, 1988.
Lackey, Alvin, Mack Peterson and Jeff Pine. "Participatory Evaluation: A Tool for Community Development Practitioners". Journal of the Community Development Society, 12 pp., 1981.
Marsden, David, Peter Oakley and Brian Pratt. Measuring the Process: Guidelines for Evaluating Social Development. Oxford, 1994.
Merrifield, Juliet. "Putting the Scientists in Their Place: Participatory Research in Environmental and Occupational Health". Highlander Center Working Paper, New Market, Tennessee.
Merschrod, Kris. "Participation in Program Evaluation at the Regional Level in Honduras". Rural Development Participation Review, vol. 11:18-22, 1980.
Narayan, Deepa. Participatory Evaluation Tools for Managing Change in Water and Sanitation. Washington, D.C., World Bank, Technical Paper no. 207, 1993.
Oakley, Peter. "Conceptual Problems of the Monitoring and Evaluation of Qualitative Objectives of Rural Development". Community Development Journal, vol. 23:3-11, January 1988.
_____. "Evaluating Social Development: How Much or How Good?". IDEA: Reading Rural Development Communications Bulletin. London, University of Reading Agricultural and Extension and Rural Development Centre, vol. 14:12-17, 1982.
Pagaduan, Maureen and Elmer M. Ferrer. "Working as EqualsTowards a Community Based Evaluation System." Community Development Journal, vol. 18:146-159, 1983.
Participatory Research Network. Report on lnternational Forum on Participatory Evaluation. New Delhi, India, International Council for Adult Education, 1988. 82 pp.
Pfohl, Jacob. Participatory Evaluation. A Users' Guide. New York, PACT Publications, 1986.
Quinn Patton, Michael. Alternative Evaluation Research Paradigm. Frank Forks, North Dakota, University of North Dakota, February 1965.
_____. Culture and Evaluation. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 1985.
_____. "Developmental Evaluation". Evaluation Practice, vol. 15, no.3, pp. 311-319, 1994.
_____. How to Use Qualitative Methods in Evaluation. Newbury Park, Sage Publications, 1987.
_____. Qualitative Evaluation Methods. Beverly Hills, Sage Publications, 1980.
_____. UtilizedFocus Evaluation. Beverly Hills, Sage Publications, 1978.
Robinson, Sheila and Philip Cox. Process Evaluation in Nepal: Tracking Capacity-Building in Health Development. Dialogue on Development, Technical Paper no. TP95/1, Division of International Development, International Centre, The University of Calgary, Canada, 1995.
Rugh, Jim. Self-Evaluation Ideas for Participatory Evaluation of Rural Community Development Projects. Oklahoma, World Neighbors, 1992.
Salmen, Lawrence F. Beneficiary Assessment - An Approach Described. Environment Department Papers no. 23, Washington, D.C., World Bank, July 1995.
_____. Listen to the People - ParticipantObserver Evaluation of Development Projects. Washington, D.C., World Bank, 1987.
Srinivasan, Viji. "The Methodology of Participatory Evaluation" in W. Fernandes and R. Tandon (eds.), Participatory Research and Evaluation: Experiments in Research as a Process of Liberation. New Delhi, Indian Social Sciences Institute, 1981.
Stecker, Carl. Participatory Evaluation: A Review of the Literature and Its Implications for Participatory Community Development, Comprehensive Paper One, University of Massachusetts, School of Education, April 1993.
Swiss Directorate for Development Cooperation and Humanitarian AID (SDC). Mirror, Mirror on the Wall... Self-Evaluation in Development Cooperation. Bern, Evaluation Service, August 1991.
Tandon, Rajesh and Walter Fernandes. Participatory Evaluation: Issues and Concerns. New Delhi, Society for Participatory Research In India, 1988.
_____. Participatory Research and Evaluation. New Delhi, Indian Social Institute, 1981.
_____. Participatory Research and Evaluation: Experiments in Research as a Process of Liberation. New Delhi, Indian Social Institute, 1982.
_____. Report of International Forum on Participatory Evaluation, 1-5 March 1988, New Delhi. New Delhi, 1988.
Uphoff, Norman. "A Field Methodology for Participatory Self-Evaluation". Community Development Journal, vol. 26, no. 4, 1991.
_____. Monitoring and Evaluating Popular Participation in World Bank"Assisted Projects" in B. Bhatnagar and A. C. Williams, Participatory Development and the World Bank: Potential Directions for Change, World Bank Discussion Paper no. 183. Washington, DC, World Bank, 1992.
_____. "Participatory Evaluation of Rural Development Projects", The International Fund for Agricultural Development, Monitoring and Evaluation Division, Economic and Planning Department, 1991.
World Bank. Evaluation and Development, Proceedings of the 1994 World Bank Conference. World Bank Operations Evaluation Department.
Yacoob, May and Tom Cook. "Evaluating Community Participation". WASH Working Paper, no. 98, Rosslyn, Virginia, USA, 1991.
Participatory Development
Australian International Development Assistance Bureau. "Social Analysis and Community ParticipationGuidelines and Activity Cycle Checklist". Appraisal, Evaluation and Sectoral Studies Branch, 1991.
Beaulieu, Rémy-Claude and Violetta Manoukian. "Participatory Development: A Brief Review of CIDA's Experience and Potential". Policy Branch, CIDA, February 1994.
Cernea, Michael. Putting People First. Sociological Variables in Rural Development. World Bank, 1991.
Chambers, Robert. "Paradigm Shifts and the Practice of Participatory Research and Development, IDS Working Paper #2, England, April 1994.
_____. "Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA): Analysis of Experience" in World Development, vol. 22, no.9, pp. 1253-1268, 1994.
_____. "Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA): Challenges, Potentials and Paradigm" in World Development, vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 1437-1454, 1994.
_____. Poverty and Livelihoods: Whose Reality Counts?, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Development Paper 342, England, 1995.
_____. Rural Appraisal: Rapid Relaxed and Participatory. Development Paper #311, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, October 1992.
_____. "The Origins and Practice of Participatory Rural Appraisal" in World Development, vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 953-969, 1994.
Cohen, John and Norman Uphoff. Rural Development Participation: Concepts and Measures for Project Design, Implementation and Evaluation. Rural Development Monograph no.2, Rural Development Committee, Centre for International Studies, Cornell University, New York, January 1977.
Donnelly-Roark, Paula. "Re-inventing Bureaucracy for Sustainable Development -Donor Organizations and Participatory Development". New York, UNDP, November 1993.
Fals-Borda, Orlando and Mohammad Anisur Rahman (eds.). Action and Knowledge Breaking the Monopoly with Participatory Action Research. London, Intermediate Technology Publications, 1991.
Glade, William and Charles Reilly. Inquiry at the Grassroots: An Inter-American Foundation Fellowship Reader. Virginia, 1993.
GTZ. ZOPP: an Introduction to the Method. Frankfurt, Germany, March 1988.
Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. The Continuum Publishing Company, New York, 1993.
International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). PLA NotesNotes on Participatory Learning and Action, IIED, Sustainable Agriculture Programme, London. Distributed regularly three times a year.
_____. RRA Notes. Special Issues on Applications of Wealth Ranking, Sustainable Agriculture Programme, United Kingdom, May 1992.
_____. RRA Notes. Special Semi-Special Issue on Participatory Approaches to HIV/AIDS Programmes, no. 23, June 1995.
Kumar, Krishna. Rapid Appraisal Methods. Washington, DC, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 1993.
Lineberry, William P. Assessing Participatory Development: Rhetoric Versus Reality. Westview Press, 1989.
Mabey, Christopher and Paul Iles. Managing Learning. Routledge, London, 1994.
Meister, Albert. La participation pour le développement. Paris, Les Editions ouvriéres, 1977.
Mosse, David. "Authority, Gender and Knowledge: Theoretical Reflections on the Practice of the Participatory Rural Appraisal". Network Paper no. 44, Agricultural Administration (Research and Extension) Network, Overseas Development Institute, London, December 1993.
Narayan, Deepa. The Contribution of People's Participation: Evidence from 121 Rural Water Supply Projects. Environmentally Sustainable Development Occasional Paper Series no. I, Washington, DC, World Bank, 1995.
Oakley, Peter et al. Projects with People: The Practice of Participation in Rural
Development. Geneva, ILO.
Overseas Development Administration. Guidance Note on How to Do Stakeholder Analysis of Aid Projects and Programmes. England, Social Development Department, ODA, July 1995.
_____. Guidance Note on Indicators for Measuring and Assessing Primary Stakeholder Participation. England, Social Development Department, ODA, July 1995.
_____. Note on Enhancing Stakeholder Participation in Aid Activities. England, Social Development Department, ODA, April 1995.
Rahman, Mohammad Anisur. People's Self-Development. London, Zed Books, 1993.
Schneider, Hartmut and Marie-Héléne Libercier (eds.). Participatory Development from Advocacy to Action. Paris, OECD, 1995.
Scoones, Ian. "Investigating Difference: Applications of Wealth Ranking and Household Survey Approaches among Farming Households in Southern Zimbabwe". Development and Change, vol. 26 (1995), pp. 67-88.
Smillie, Ian. "NGO Learning, Evaluation and Results: Life in a Three-Ring Circus". Draft commissioned by the OECD Development Centre, Paris, for a conference in June/July 1996.
Tripp, Robert. Farmer Participation in Agricultural Research: New Directions or Old Problems. Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, Discussion Paper no. 256, February 1989.
UNDP. Grassroots Participation: Defining New Realities and Operationalizing New Strategies. UNDP Discussion Paper.
Uphoff, Norman. "Participation's Place in Rural Development: Seeking Clarity through Specificity". World Development, vol. 8, pp. 213-235.
Uphoff, Norman, M. L. Wickramasinghe and C. M. Wijayaratna. "Optimum Participation in Irrigation Management: Issues and Evidence from Sri Lanka". Human Organization, vol. 49, no. 1, 1990.
World Bank. The World Bank and Participation. Washington, DC, World Bank Operations Policy Department, September 1994.
Participatory Development and Evaluation manuals
Aaker, Jerry and Jennifer Shumaker. Looking Back and Looking Forward: A Participatory Approach to Evaluation. New York, Heifer Foundation, Private Agencies Collaborating Together/PACT, 1994.
American Council of Voluntary Agencies for Foreign Service. Evaluation Sourcebook. New York, 1983.
Aubel, Judi. Guidelines for Planning and Conducting Studies Using the Group Interview Technique. Geneva, International Labour 0rganization, 1994.
_____. Participatory Program Evaluation: A Manual for Involving Progra Stakeholders in the Evaluation Process. Senegal, Catholic Relief Services, December 1993.
Case, Roland, Mary Andrews and Walter Werner. How Can We Do It? An Evaluation Training Package for Development Educators. New York, InterAction American Council for Voluntary International Action, 1988.
CEDPA. Training Trainers for Development. Washington, DC, Centre for Development and Population Activities, 1995.
Davis-Case, D'Arcy. The Community Toolbox: The Idea, Methods and Tools for Participatory Assessment, Monitoring and Evaluation in Community Forestry. Rome, Community Forestry Unit, FAO, 1990.
_____. Participatory Assessment, Monitoring and Evaluation: A Field Manual. Rome, Community Forestry Unit, FAO, 1989.
FAO. Guidelines for Participatory Nutrition Projects. Rome, FAO, 1993.
_____. Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation. Handbook for Training Field Workers. Bangkok, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, February 1988.
_____. The Community's Toolbox: The Idea, Methods and Tools for Participatory Assessment, Monitoring and Evaluation in Community Forestry. Community Forestry Field Manual 2, Rome, 1990.
Gajanayake, Stanley. Community Empowerment: A Participatory Training Manual on Community Project Development. Office of International Training and Consultation, Northern Illinois University, PACT Publications, New York, 1993.
Gosling, Louisa and Mike Edwards. Toolkits. A Practical Guide to Assessment, Monitoring, Review and Evaluation. Development Manual 5. London, Save the Children, 1995.
International Institute for Environment and Development. RRA Notes,PLA Notes. Sustainable Agriculture Programme, London. Published quarterly.
Magnani, David P. (ed). Building Organizational Effectiveness Through
Participation and Teamwork: A Training Manual. New York, PACT Publications, 1992.
Narayan, Deepa and Lyri Srinivasan. Participatory Development Took Kit. Washington, DC, World Bank, 1994.
National Environment Secretariat, Government of Kenya; Clark University; Egerton University; The Centre for International Development and Environment of the World Resources Institute. Participatory Rural Appraisal Handbook: Conducting PRAs in Kenya. Natural Resources Management Support Series no. 1, 1991.
Pretty, Jules. Irene Gujit, Ian Scoones and John Thompson. Participatory Learning and Action: A Trainer's Guide. London, International Institute for Environment and Development, 1995.
Srinivasan, Lyra. Options for Educators. A Monograph for Decision-Makers on Alternative Participatory Strategies. New York, PACT Publications, 1992.
_____. Tools for Community Participation. A Manual for Training Trainers in Participatory Techniques. Prowess/UNDP Technical Series Involving Women in Water and Sanitation, 1993.
Audio-Visual Material
PROWESS Video, Audio Plus Video, New Jersey, 1995.
World Vision Australia. The PRA Report: Walking in Their Shoes. Research and Policy Unit, Melbourne, Australia.
Salmen, Lawrence. Listen to the People, 1987.