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Land degradation and ownership of or access to land.
The task of reversing land degradation in this important ecosystem requires significant investments in human capital and resource management systems, including land reform efforts, however this is as much an issue of governance as it is a technical exercise. Land tenure systems which impose unequal access to, and control of, resources for marginal populations can contribute to the degradation of dryland areas. Effective, secure, access to land resources can provide an essential incentive for land users to invest in sustainable land use practices. Legislation alone, however, may not be sufficient, and must be generated through a genuinely participatory process of reflection in order to devise or support locally specific solutions, a process which will be supported in this programme. This in turn requires political buy-in, which can be generated in part through advocacy efforts, which again form a key part of the proposed programme. Finally these efforts must be integrated into broader and long term strategies of rural development, and in many countries UNDP is well positioned to help achieve this.

Historic changes in land tenure
The need for tenure innovations that address the highly variable ecological characteristics of the drylands is imperative. Traditionally communal ownership in the drylands reflected the complexity of ecological conditions. Changes beginning in the colonial era, and accelerating since independence in many developing nations - such as the creation of national borders which restrict mobility, repeated droughts, a population explosion, surplus production for markets, etc - have simultaneously pushed mobile groups from arid and farmers from sub humid areas into semi-arid areas. The resultant competition over increasingly scarce resources has often led, both within and between each group, to a scramble for land and in turn mining of soil fertility in the absence of guarantees that the benefits of sustainable management will accrue to the land user. In short, the typical scenario is one of been increased landlessness, conflicts over ownership of and access to land and its resources and a reduced resilience among the pastoralist communities to cope with drought.

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Land Management Topics

MDGs in the Drylands

Activity Report 2002-2006