| There are a large number of reports which contain information useful to biodiversity planners working in marine and coastal issues. Some of these are summarised below, with contact details on how to obtain them.
The first six resources (A-F) provide the overall framework for all biodiversity planning in the marine and coastal regions and are thus essential starting points for the planning process.
The next three resources (G-I) relate specifically to Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), which should form part of any national biodiversity strategy for the marine and coastal environment.
Finally, there are many reports and outputs on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), although this term is now being replaced by the term Integrated Marine and Coastal Area Management (IMCAM). At the end of this section, is a sample of the kind of reports which are still available, including a link to the UNEP Integrated Coastal Area and River Basin (ICARM) management webpage .
A. FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
The FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries was unanimously adopted on 31 October 1995 by the FAO Conference, provides a necessary framework for national and international efforts to ensure sustainable exploitation of aquatic living resources in harmony with the environment . This Code is voluntary. However, certain parts of it are based on relevant rules of international law, including those reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982. The Code also contains provisions that may be or have already been given binding effect by means of other obligatory legal instruments amongst the Parties, such as the Agreement to Promote Compliance with International Conservation and Management Measures by Fishing Vessels on the High Seas, 1993, which, according to FAO Conference resolution 15/93, paragraph 3, forms an integral part of the Code.
The text of the Code of Conduct is available in Arabic, Chinese, German, Estonian, Spanish, French, Icelandic, Italian and Polish.
The Code is now being expanded through a series of FAO Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries of which eight have been released to date. The links to download the Guidelines or the Abstract are given below.
1. Fishing Operations (Abstract) and Supplement 1 - Fishing Operations : Vessel Monitoring Systems
2. Precautionary Approach to Capture Fisheries and Species Introductions (Abstract)
3. Integration of Fisheries into Coastal Area Management (Abstract)
4. Fisheries Management (Abstract)
5. Aquaculture Development (Abstract)
6. Inland Fisheries (Abstract)
7. Responsible Fish Utilization (Abstract)
8. Indicators for Sustainable Development of Marine Capture Fisheries (Abstract)
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B. Biodiversity in the Seas: Implementing the Convention on Biological Diversity in Marine and Coastal Habitats.
This Marine Conservation and Development Report (ISBN: 2-8317-0338-7) was prepared by A. Charlotte de Fountaubert, David R. Downes and Tundi S. Agardy, and is available as IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper No 32. The report lays out the actions required to operationalise the recommendations of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Jakarta Mandate. The report explains the special challenges that marine and coastal biodiversity pose for achievement of the CBD objectives of conservation, sustainable use, and equitable sharing of the benefits from genetic resources. It also identifies the policy tools that will be most effective for implementing the CBD in marine and coastal areas. The recommended actions are defined in general terms and are illustrated by specific examples drawn from all over the world.
Available from:
IUCN -Publications Services Unit
219c Huntingdon Road,
Cambridge, CB3 ODL,
United Kingdom.
E-mail: iucn-psu@wcmc.org.uk
www: http://www.iucn.org
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C. Global Marine Biological Diversity: A Strategy for Building Conservation into Decision Making (1996) Island Press. ISBN Number: 1-55963-255-0 (Executive Summary)
More than 100 authors –marine biologists , oceanographers, economists, attorneys, government officials and environmentalists contributed to this book. The book contains a large amount of background information (Chapters 1-8) and specific prescription (Chapter 9) for implementing a global strategy for conserving marine biodiversity. The book contains detailed information on marine conservation, threats to marine biological diversity, tools for conserving marine biodiversity and recommendations for implementation.
Available from: Island Press, Suite 300, 1718 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington DC 20009, USA.
Website: http://www.islandpress.com/books/
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D. Marine Biodiversity: Policy and Best Practice Document (Dutch Government Policy and Best Practice Document No. 5).
This short 66 page booklet , edited by Peter van der Heijden and Carien van Zwol, outlines the Dutch government policy on marine realted activities and contains a number of short case studies of successful integration of biodiversity considerations into marine development projects which have been undertaken with Dutch government assistance. The document also provides the policy principles that guide Dutch international assistance in the field of biodiversity with poverty alleviation and support to sustainable development as its principle objectives. The document goes on to describe important lessons learnt from the experiences with various projects dealing with Marine Biodiversity and describes the focal areas for Dutch development assistance and gives general guidelines for staff charged with assessment of proposals and initiation of activities.
Available from: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, PO Box 20061, 2500 EB The Hague, The Netherlands. ISBN 90-5328-263-7; Order code OSDR 0414/E
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E. Marine Stewardship Council: Principles and Criteria For Sustainable Fishing
This document contains guidelines for sustainable fishing around the world. The principles are intended to build upon and to complement the work of international organisations and the best practices of the fishing industries. Furthermore they designed to recognize and emphasize that management efforts are more likely to be successful in accomplishing the goals when there is full co-operation among the full range of fisheries stakeholders. The MSC Certification Criteria are based on these principles and give very clear guidance to the information required to ensure that a fishery is truly sustainable.
Contact: secretariat@msc.org; Web-site: http://www.msc.org
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F. Coastal Resource Center: A Manual for Assessing Progress in Coastal Management.
This manual provides guidance and tools for evaluation of the performance of coastal management projects. The manual is into two parts: a) Introduction to the Self Assessment Manual b) Self -Assessment Questions covering Issue Identification and Assessment; Preparation of plans; adoption and funding of plans; implementation; and adjustment and evaluation. The evaluation checklists can be used as a guide to the factors which need to be considered in the development of coastal management plans.
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Available from: The University of Rhode Island Coastal resource Center; Graduate School of Oceanography; Naragansett, RI 02882; USA. Tel: +1-401-874-6224; Fax: +1-401-789-4670For other CRC publications, see: http://crc.uri.edu/comm/research_pubs.html\
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The aim of these Guidelines is to help countries establish systems of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), as a key component of integrated management of their coastal and marine areas and as part of their sustainable development. The Guidelines set out the following steps: (1) Placing MPA’s in their wider context. (2) Developing the legal framework. (3) Working with relevant sectors (4) Making partnerships with communities and stakeholders. (5) Selecting the sites for the MPAs (6) Planning and managing the MPA. (7) Zoning (8) Planing and financial sustainability (9) Ensuring research, monitoring, evaluation and review. (The guidelines were edited by Graeme Kelleher)
Also available from:
IUCN Publications Services Unit, 219c Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, United Kingdom.
E-mail: info@books.iucn.org
Website: http://wcpa.iucn.org/theme/marine/marine.html
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H. Fully-protected marine reserves: a guide
This report, published in 2000by the WWF Endangered Seas Campaign and written by Callum Roberts and Julie Hawkins, provides a comprehensive review of the conservation and economic benefits arising from marine protected areas (MPAs) and derives practical lessons for creation and management of MPAs from a series of case studies of existing MPAs. The report is supported by a Marine Reserves Toolkit containing an overhead presentation and a 30 supporting slides.
The online version of the report and toolkit will be updated from time to time at: http://www.panda.org/resources/publications/water/mpreserves/index.htm
Contact: Julie Hawkins (cr10@york.ac.uk)
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I. Marine And Coastal Protected Areas: A guide for planners and managers This IUCN publication (ISBN: 2-8317-0540-1), now in its 3rd Edition, is edited by Rodney V. Salm and John R. Clark with Erkki Siirila. Part 1: Creating Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) has six sections: roles of MPAs, site planning, community involvement, systematic selection of MPAs, strategies and tool for planning and managing MPAs, and the legal basis of MPAs. Part 2 considers principles and mechanisms for planning and managing protected areas in four different environments: coral reefs, estuaries and lagoons, small islands, and beaches. Emphasis is on technical knowledge about particular habitats and how this knowledge is used to meet objectives. Part 3 presents case histories covering a wide variety of MPA experience around the world to help protect area planners and managers carry out their tasks. The emphasis on each case history is on lessons learned that are of wide application.
Available from:
IUCN Publications Service Unit
219c Huntingdon Rd, Cambridge CB3 0Dl
Tel:+44 1223 277894, fax +44 1223 277175
E-mail: info@books.iucn.org Website: www.iucn.org/bookstore/index/html
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The next two resources (J-K) provide detials on how to expand marine and coastal biodivbersity planning beyond the usual species-level approach. The first provides more detial of policy issues at the genetic level, whilst the second, and subsequent resources take a broader "ecosystem management" approach to planning for marine and coastal biodiversity management.
J. Towards Policies for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Aquatic Genetic Resources
This book contains the Proceedings of an International Conference held at Bellagio, Italy from 14-18th April 1998 and published jointly by ICLARM and FAO. The proceedings contain the text of 19 papers presented at the conference, including the following
(a) Biotechnology and Aquatic Genetic Resources: Genes and genetically Modified Organisms
This paper focuses on the genetic changes which may be brought about in captive populations of aquatic organisms as a consequence of the captive environment and management regimes, or by intentional human actions. Changes may occur in populations maintained for aquaculture, fisheries enhancement, ornamental fish breeding or research. Genetic improvements through breeding programs have led to great improvements in productivity in other agricultural animals and are as increasing feature in aquaculture.
Contact: David J. Penman, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK
E-mail: djp@stir.ac.uk
(b) Policy Implications for Commercialization of Transgenic Fish
The properly regulated use of genetically modified fish in aquaculture can allow a rapid increase in the amount of fish protein available for consumption at lower costs than presently possible, while limiting environmental dangers associated with fish farming. Regulations to guide the use of aquatic transgenics to be clear, Science based and not unduly burdensome.
Contact: Elliot Entis, A/F Protein, Inc., 935 Main St, Waltham, MA 02451 USA
E-mail: Eentis@aol.com
(c) Genetic resources and Fisheries: Policy Aspects
The future growth of aquaculture and potential impacts that it might have on aquatic genetic resources will depend greatly on the formulation of correct and sensible policies. Such policies must consider both the future development of aquaculture and the protection of nature biodiversity and the environment. Policies, which encourage responsible action, such as reduction in dependency on natural genetic material, and thoughtful and careful introduction and movement of farm stocks, will achieve far greater results towards this goal. The possible positive impacts that aquaculture might have on conservation of aquatic genetic resources through relieving pressure from fisheries cannot be overlooked.
Contact: Peter J Smith, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd., PO Box 14901, Wellington, New Zealand
E-mail: p.smith@niwa.cri.nz
(d) Developments in the legal legimes governing aquatic genetic resources
This paper examines relatively recent trends in the design of broad legal approaches in this conservation and sustainable use of aquatic resources. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) provides a framework with which to evaluate these trends. The paper examines three of the Jakarta Mandate’s five thematic areas, specifically, those concerning integrated marine and coastal area management; marine and coastal protected areas; and the sustainable use of marine and coastal living resources. Special attention is paid to recent international fisheries instruments, such as the Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982.
Contact: Cristina Leira; Development Law Service, FAO, Rome, Italy
E-mail: cristina.leira@fao.org
(e) Adoptive Biosafety Assessment and Management regimes for Aquatic Genetically Modified Organisms in the Environment
This paper addresses biosafety regimes. National Biosafety regimes are seriously limited in their ability to assess the ecological and social impacts of transboundary movements of GMO’s in the global economy. For aquatic GMOs (including freshwater, brakishwater and marine species), national biosafety regimes cannot alone prevent or mitigate in advertent trans-bounadary movements posed by the widespread spatial and temporal connectivity of aquatic ecosystems. To avoid social and ecological failures of natural resource, this paper proposes the adoption of adaptive biosafety assessment and management regimes for implementation at local, national and international levels of governance. Adaptive biosafety regimes emphasize ongoing learning from experience through interdisciplinary and transparent formulation of bio-safety goals, assessment of potential hazards, design and biosafety policies, and ongoing monitoring for unintended effects of GMOs.
Contact: Anne R Kapuscinski; Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, and Institute for Social, Economic and Ecological Sustainability. 200 Hodson Hall, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA
E-mail: ark@fw.umn.edu
Proceedings available from:
The Publication Unit Manager
ICLARM, MCPO Box 2631
0718 Makati City, Metro Manila
Philippines.
Tel: (63-2) 812 8641, 840 3485
Fax: (63-2) 816-3183
E-mail: ICLARM@cgiar.org
Web; http://www.cgiar.org/iclarm
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K. Pacific Salmon and Wildlife: Ecological Contexts, Relationships, and Implications for Management
Summary: This Special Edition Technical report is a product of the project: Wildlife-Habitat Relationships in Oregon and Washington (Johnson and O’Neil 2000). The Special Edition Technical Report synthesizes fundamental and crucial information linking salmon, as a keystone species, with wildlife species and the broader aquatic and terrestrial realms in which they co-exist. Salmon and wildlife are important co-dependant components of regional bio-diversity, and deserve far greater joint consideration in land management planning, fishery management strategies, and ecological studies than they have received in the past. Although restircted to a specific region and species complex, this report provides a useful example of the ecosystem approach to conservation assessment and management
Contact Address:David H. Johnson, WDFW, Habitat Program, 600 Capitol Way, N. Olympia, WA 98501-1091; USA. Email: johnsdhj@dfw.wa.gov
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Finally, there are many reports and outputs on Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), although this term is now being replaced by the term Integrated Marine and Coastal Area Management (IMCAM). Below is a sample of the kind of reports whichj are still available.
Africa: A framework For Integrated Coastal Zone Management
This report, edited by Marcea Hatziolos, Carl Gustf Lundin and Anders Alm, was produced for the Land, Water and Natural Habitats Division of the Africa Technical Environment Group of the World Bank. This report, an updated edition of the original 1995 publication, continues to advance two complementary objectives: (a) to present rationale for incorporating integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) into strategies for environmentally sustainable development in Africa; and (b) to serve as a framework for World Bank investments in the management of marine and coastal resources as part of the Bank’s larger program to promote integrated water resources management in Africa.
Proceedings of the Workshop and Policy Conference on Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Eastern Africa including the Island States
This conference was held from 21-23 April 1993 in Arusha, United Republic of Tanzania for the Swedish Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries Marine Science Program, and was edited by Olof Linden for the Ministry of Tourism, Natural Resources and Environment, Tanzania, the University of Dar es 8alaam, and the 8wediah Agency for Research Cooperation with Developing Countries in cooperation with FAO, IOC, SIDA, UNEP, and the World Bank. The report reviews coastal management in Tanzania and contains case studies of Mafia Marine National Park, sewerage management in Dar es Salaam and port development in Zanzibar (371pp.; ISBN: 971-9014-00-8) Published by: Coastal Management Centre.
Proceedings of the National Workshop on INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE SEYCHELLES
These proceedings from a workshop held from held 20-24 February 1995, were edited by Carl Gustaf Lundin and Olof Linden, and published by The World Bank, Land, Water and Natural Habitats Division, Environmental Department, Sida Marine Science Program and the Department for Research Cooperation, SAREC. (158pp.; ISBN 91-630-3959-1)
Proceedings of the National Workshop on INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN TANZANIA
The proceedings of this workshop, held from 8-12 May 1995, were edited by Carl Gustaf Lundin and Olof Linden, were published by The World Bank, Land, Water and Natural Habitats Division, Environmental Department, Sida Marine Science Program and the Department for Research Cooperation, SAREC. Environmental issues related to the coastal zone in Tanzania are presented in three broad areas: resource degradation, pollution and fisheries depletion. The causes of, and possible actions to address, these problems are included with recommendations for action.(166pp.; ISBN 91-630-3960-5)
Manual for Coastal Management
This manual was created by the Council for the Environment (South Africa) and covers the following principle areas: 1) the integration of ecological considerations with the planning and execution of development which affects coastal landforms; 2) the rehabilitation of disturbed areas; and, 3) the integration of aesthetic considerations with urban resort development.
ISBN: 0-621-14102-X
Contact: Department for Environmental Affairs, Council for the Environment, Private Bag X447, Pretoria 0001, Souoth Africa.
Integrated Coastal Area and River Basin Management (ICARM)
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Technical Cooperation Branch in cooperation with Priority Actions Programme Regional Activity Center (PAP/RAC) of the Mediterranean Action Plan
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), through its Freshwater, Ocean and Coastal Areas programme, has extended the scope of the programme to address multi-sectoral issues, using a concept of the Integrated Coastal Area and River Basin Management (ICARM), which tries to harmonise economic development and ecosystem functional integrity. General guidelines and case studies can be downloaded from thius site.
Contact: Takerhiro Nakamura, Technical cooperation Branch, DEPI, UNEP, PO Box 30552, Nairobi, KENYA. Tel: 254-2-623886; Fax: 254-2-624249; e-mail: takehiro.nakamura@unep.org
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